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Het ontstaan van een verstoring in gehechtheidsrelatie kan globaal te maken hebben met kenmerken en gedrag van de ouder(s), van de gezins- en leefomstandigheden, van de jeugdige. Tabel 2.2 geeft een overzicht de belemmerende en beschermende factoren. Beide typen factoren moeten gewogen worden in de context. Vaak is het een combinatie van factoren die maakt dat de gehechtheidsrelatie tussen ouder en kind niet optimaal tot stand komt.
Beschermende factoren kunnen tegenwicht kunnen bieden aan belemmerende factoren. Belemmerende factoren op het niveau van de ouder kunnen moeilijker gecompenseerd worden door beschermende factoren op kindniveau (Richter, 2002; van IJzendoorn, 2008[95]). Om die reden wordt door experts verondersteld dat de kenmerken van de ouder een zwaardere stempel drukken op de gehechtheidsrelatie dan de kenmerken van het kind (van IJzendoorn, Goldberg, Kroonenberg, & Frenkel, 1992).
Tabel 2.2: Beschermende en belemmerende factoren bij de ouder(s), de jeugdige en in de gezinsomstandigheden die een rol kunnen spelen in de ontwikkeling van de gehechtheidsrelatie tussen ouders en kinderen (aangepast overgenomen uit Detmar, 2018[93]; ook is gebruik gemaakt van Visser, 2019[115]; en https://www.risicofactorenouderkindrelatie.nl/risicofactoren). In dit overzicht zijn alleen factoren opgenomen waarvoor in de wetenschappelijke literatuur aanwijzingen zijn gevonden.
Beschermend:
Belemmerend:
OUDER(S)
Fysieke gezondheid
Mentale gezondheid
Gewenste zwangerschap
Ongecompliceerde zwangerschap en bevalling
Vertrouwen in de eigen kwaliteit als opvoeder
Afgeronde opleiding (Bijv. een afgeronde startkwalificatie): meer kans op werk en stabiel inkomen.
Positieve ervaringen vanuit de eigen voorgeschiedenis die het ouderschap positief beïnvloeden
Veilig intern werkmodel, waardoor de ouder openstaat voor signalen en kan mentaliseren
Warme, autoritatieve opvoedingsstijl
Kan samenwerken /gebruik maken van begeleiding
Zwangerschap en geboorte
Ongewenste of ongeplande zwangerschap
Gecompliceerde zwangerschap en/of bevalling
Ongezonde leefstijl, middelenmisbruik bij de moeder gedurende de zwangerschap
Chronische angst / paniek bij de moeder / stress gedurende zwangerschap
Voorgeschiedenis en functioneren ouder
Ernstige of chronische medische aandoening (doof- blindheid)/ lichamelijke beperking
Stress
Psychische/psychiatrische klachten , zoals (postpartum) depressie, angst, of eetstoornissen
Licht verstandelijke beperking (LVB) of leerstoornis
Negatieve jeugdervaringen (ACE’s) en trauma
Criminaliteit / jeugddelinquentie / in aanraking met justitie geweest / ouder was of is in detentie
(Overmatig) gebruik van verslavende middelen
Weinig vertrouwen in de eigen kwaliteit als opvoeder
De ouder staat minder open voor signalen van kind, en mentaliseert minder optimaal.
Harde, autoritaire of verwaarlozende opvoedingsstijl
Hulp mijdend
(GEZINS)OMSTANDIGHEDEN
Aanwezigheid van beide ouders
Stabiele en steunende partnerrelatie
Sociale steun vanuit sociaal netwerk en familie
Stabiel en voldoende inkomen
Goede, passende en stabiele huisvesting
Klein aantal vaste verzorgers voor kind
Regelmatig, dagelijks contact tussen jeugdige en verzorger
Gezin is betrokken bij een sociale gemeenschap, zoals buurt of kerk
Klein gezin (minder dan 4 kinderen, minder financiële druk, lagere stressniveaus)
Warm gezinsklimaat en onderlinge betrokkenheid, ouders creëren een stimulerende omgeving, positieve en ondersteunende ouder-kind interactie
Jeugdige ziet de vaste verzorger voor langere periode niet
KIND
Belemmerende factoren op het niveau van de jeugdige kunnen over het algemeen worden gecompenseerd door beschermende factoren op het niveau van de ouder(s) en het gezin.
Voldragen
Geen medische problemen/zorgen
Makkelijk, regelmatig temperament
Normale ontwikkeling
Normale intelligentie
Geen zintuigelijke beperkingen
Te vroeg geboren
Aangeboren afwijking of chronisch ziek
Ontwikkelingsproblemen (o.a. autisme)
Verstandelijke beperking
Zintuigelijke beperking: zoals slechte visus, beperkt gehoor
Emotionele trauma’s, depressie, angst, eetstoornissen en trauma
Adoptie, pleegzorg met voorafgaand trauma, mishandeling of verwaarlozing
Prikkelbaar, onregelmatig temperament, veel huilen
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