De jeugdgezondheidszorg (JGZ) volgt de groei en ontwikkeling van 0-19 jarigen door verschillende contactmomenten. In de voorschoolse periode vinden contactmomenten met de JGZ bij de gezinnen thuis plaats, of op het consultatiebureau. Zodra kinderen naar de basisschool gaan voeren de jeugdarts en jeugdverpleegkundige/ verpleegkundig specialist in samenwerking met de doktersassistente de contactmomenten uit. Contactmomenten hebben verschillende vorm en een brede focus en hebben o.a. ten doel de ouders te ondersteunen bij het opgroeien en opvoeden van hun kind, de ontwikkeling van het kind te volgen en mogelijke ontwikkelings- en gedragsproblemen op te sporen, waarna zo nodig adequate verwijzing gerealiseerd kan worden. Het preventieve gezondheidsonderzoek bestaat uit een algemene anamnese, lichamelijk onderzoek, observaties, gesprekken en afname van instrumenten die mogelijke ontwikkelingsachterstanden of gedragsafwijkingen signaleren. In deze richtlijn wordt dit aangeduid als onderzoek op level 1. De instrumenten die daarvoor in Nederland worden gebruikt zijn het Van Wiechenonderzoek (VWO) bij kinderen tot 4,5 jaar en in toenemende mate de Nederlandse versie van de Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ; [63]) bij kinderen vanaf het 3e tot en met het 16e jaar. Beide instrumenten worden hieronder beschreven. Voor jongeren vanaf 17 jaar is geen instrument ten behoeve van signalering van ASS gevonden.
3.2 Signaleringsinstrumenten
JGZ-richtlijn Autismespectrumstoornissen
Let op: deze richtlijn is momenteel in herziening.
Dit betekent niet dat de inhoud van deze richtlijn incorrect is. Tot de herziening blijft de richtlijn leidend voor de praktijk. Wel bestaat er een kans dat een deel van de informatie verouderd is.
Heb je feedback over deze JGZ-richtlijn? Vul dan het feedback formulier in op de introductie pagina van de richtlijn.
Richtlijn inhoudsopgave
1 Inleiding Ga naar pagina over 1 Inleiding
2 Definitie en achtergrond informatie Ga naar pagina over 2 Definitie en achtergrond informatie
3 Signaleren, diagnostiek en verwijzen Ga naar pagina over 3 Signaleren, diagnostiek en verwijzen
4 Totstandkoming richtlijn Ga naar pagina over 4 Totstandkoming richtlijn
5 Verantwoording Ga naar pagina over 5 Verantwoording
1 Inleiding Ga naar pagina over 1 Inleiding
2 Definitie en achtergrond informatie Ga naar pagina over 2 Definitie en achtergrond informatie
3 Signaleren, diagnostiek en verwijzen Ga naar pagina over 3 Signaleren, diagnostiek en verwijzen
4 Totstandkoming richtlijn Ga naar pagina over 4 Totstandkoming richtlijn
5 Verantwoording Ga naar pagina over 5 Verantwoording
Gebruikersversie richtlijn Autismespectrumstoornissen
Stroomschema ASS bij kinderen 0 – 4 jaar
PP-presentatie voor scholing Autismespectrumstoornissen
Randvoorwaardelijke implicaties richtlijn ASS
Stroomschema ASS bij kinderen van 4 jaar en ouder
Stroomschema’s 0-4 en 4 jaar en ouder gecombineerd
[1] . Development and validation of an international appraisal instrument for assessing the quality of clinical practice guidelines: the AGREE project. Quality & safety in health care 2003;12(1):18-23
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12571340[2] Achenbach TM, Becker A, Döpfner M, Heiervang E, Roessner V, Steinhausen H-C, Rothenberger A. Multicultural assessment of child and adolescent psychopathology with ASEBA and SDQ instruments: research findings, applications, and future directions. Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines 2008;49(3):251-75
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2007.01867.x https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18333930[3] Allen CW, Silove N, Williams K, Hutchins P. Validity of the social communication questionnaire in assessing risk of autism in preschool children with developmental problems. Journal of autism and developmental disorders 2007;37(7):1272-8
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17080270[4] American Psychiatric Association (APA). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental disorders (Third Edition, DSM III) Washington, DC 1980
[5] American Psychiatric Association (APA). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental disorders (Third Edition, Revision, DSM III-R) Washington, DC 1987
[6] American Psychiatric Association (APA). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental disorders (Fourth Edition, DSM IV) Washington, DC 1994
[7] American Psychiatric Association (APA). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental disorders (Fourth Edition, Text Revision, DSM IV-TR) Washington, DC 2000
[8] American Psychiatric Association (APA). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental disorders (Fifth Edition, DSM 5) Washington, DC 2013
[9] Asperger H. Die 'Autistischen Psychopathen' im Kindesalter Arch Psychiatr Nervenkr 1944;117():76
[10] Attwood T., Grandin T.. Asperger's and girls Arlington: Future Horizons, Inc 2006
[11] Auyeung B, Wheelwright S, Allison C, Atkinson M, Samarawickrema N, Baron-Cohen S. The children's Empathy Quotient and Systemizing Quotient: sex differences in typical development and in autism spectrum conditions. Journal of autism and developmental disorders 2009;39(11):1509-21
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10803-009-0772-x https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19533317[12] Baird G, Simonoff E, Pickles A, Chandler S, Loucas T, Meldrum D, Charman T. Prevalence of disorders of the autism spectrum in a population cohort of children in South Thames: the Special Needs and Autism Project (SNAP). Lancet (London, England) 2006;368(9531):210-5
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16844490[13] Baranek GT. Autism during infancy: a retrospective video analysis of sensory-motor and social behaviors at 9-12 months of age. Journal of autism and developmental disorders 1999;29(3):213-24
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10425584[14] Baron-Cohen S, Tager-Flusberg H, Cohen DJ. Understanding Other Minds: Perspectives From Autism Oxford: Oxford University Press 1993
[15] Baron-Cohen S, Wheelwright S. The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with Asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. Journal of autism and developmental disorders 2004;34(2):163-75
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15162935[16] Baron-Cohen S, Knickmeyer RC, Belmonte MK. Sex differences in the brain: implications for explaining autism. Science (New York, N.Y.) 2005;310(5749):819-23
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16272115[17] Baron-Cohen S, Scott FJ, Allison C, Williams J, Bolton P, Matthews FE, Brayne C. Prevalence of autism-spectrum conditions: UK school-based population study. The British journal of psychiatry : the journal of mental science 2009;194(6):500-9
http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.108.059345 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19478287[18] Begeer S, Bouk SE, Boussaid W, Terwogt MM, Koot HM. Underdiagnosis and referral bias of autism in ethnic minorities. Journal of autism and developmental disorders 2009;39(1):142-8
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10803-008-0611-5 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18600440[19] Berckelaer-Onnes I.A.. Autisme en verstandelijke handicap In L. Harings (Ed.), Handboek Mogelijkheden, vraaggerichte zorg voor mensen met een verstandelijke handicap (xiv, 5-24) (pp. 1-13). Maarssen: Elsevier 2000
[20] van Berckelaer-Onnes IA, van Loon J, Peelen A. Challenging behaviour: a challenge to change. Autism : the international journal of research and practice 2002;6(3):259-70
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12212917[21] Berckelaer-Onnes I.A.. Een leven lang ouderen In P.A.F. de Nijs e.a. (red) Ontwikkelingen langs de levenslijnen. Apeldoorn: Garant 2004
[22] Berckelaer-Onnes I.A.. Autismespectrumstoornissen. In Jan van der Ploeg en Evert Scholte (red) Orthopedagogische probleemvelden en voorzieningen in Nederland (pp 115-135) Antwerpen/Apeldoorn: Garant 2011
[23] Berckelaer-Onnes I.A.. Autisme in school. Een passend aanbod binnen passend onderwijs. Amsterdam: Uitgeverij Boom 2012
[24] Berument SK, Rutter M, Lord C, Pickles A, Bailey A. Autism screening questionnaire: diagnostic validity. The British journal of psychiatry : the journal of mental science 1999;175():444-51
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10789276[25] Betancur C. Etiological heterogeneity in autism spectrum disorders: more than 100 genetic and genomic disorders and still counting. Brain research 2011;1380():42-77
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2010.11.078 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21129364[26] Bleuler M, Bleuler R. Dementia praecox oder die Gruppe der Schizophrenien: Eugen Bleuler. The British journal of psychiatry : the journal of mental science 1986;149():661-2
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3545358[27] Boere-Boonekamp M.M., Dusseldorp E., Verkerk P.H.. Onderbouwing van de validiteit van het Onderzoek van kinderen van 0 tot en met 4 jaar: het Van Wiechenonderzoek Leiden: TNO 2009
[28] Bölte S, Holtmann M, Poustka F. The Social Communication Questionnaire (SCQ) as a screener for autism spectrum disorders: additional evidence and cross-cultural validity. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 2008;47(6):719-720
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/CHI.0b013e31816c42bd https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18496329[29] Brian J, Bryson SE, Garon N, Roberts W, Smith IM, Szatmari P, Zwaigenbaum L. Clinical assessment of autism in high-risk 18-month-olds. Autism : the international journal of research and practice 2008;12(5):433-56
http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1362361308094500 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18805941[30] Bryson SE, Zwaigenbaum L, Brian J, Roberts W, Szatmari P, Rombough V, McDermott C. A prospective case series of high-risk infants who developed autism. Journal of autism and developmental disorders 2007;37(1):12-24
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17211728[31] Buitelaar J., van Daalen E., Dietz C., van Engeland H., van der Gaag R.J., van Steijn D., Swinkels S.. ESAT-Screening van ASS op jonge leeftijd. De theorethische handleiding. Houten: Bohn Stafleu van Loghum 2009
[32] Canitano R, Luchetti A, Zappella M. Epilepsy, electroencephalographic abnormalities, and regression in children with autism. Journal of child neurology 2005;20(1):27-31
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15791919[33] Chandler S, Charman T, Baird G, Simonoff E, Loucas T, Meldrum D, Scott M, Pickles A. Validation of the social communication questionnaire in a population cohort of children with autism spectrum disorders. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 2007;46(10):1324-1332
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/chi.0b013e31812f7d8d https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17885574[34] Charman T, Baird G, Simonoff E, Loucas T, Chandler S, Meldrum D, Pickles A. Efficacy of three screening instruments in the identification of autistic-spectrum disorders. The British journal of psychiatry : the journal of mental science 2007;191():554-9
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18055961[35] Charman T, Pickles A, Simonoff E, Chandler S, Loucas T, Baird G. IQ in children with autism spectrum disorders: data from the Special Needs and Autism Project (SNAP). Psychological medicine 2011;41(3):619-27
http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0033291710000991 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21272389[36] Charman T., Chandler S., Baird G., Simonoff E., Loucas T., Meldrum D.. 'The Social Communication Questionnaire (SCQ) as a screener for autism spectrum disorders: additional evidence and cross-cultural validity': Reply Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 2008;47(6):720
[37] Constantino J., Gruber C.. Manual: Social Responsiveness Scale Los Angeles: Western Psychological Services 2005
[38] Corsello C, Hus V, Pickles A, Risi S, Cook EH, Leventhal BL, Lord C. Between a ROC and a hard place: decision making and making decisions about using the SCQ. Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines 2007;48(9):932-40
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17714378[39] de Bildt A, Sytema S, Ketelaars C, Kraijer D, Volkmar F, Minderaa R. Measuring pervasive developmental disorders in children and adolescents with mental retardation: a comparison of two screening instruments used in a study of the total mentally retarded population from a designated area. Journal of autism and developmental disorders 2003;33(6):595-605
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14714929[40] De Giacomo A, Fombonne E. Parental recognition of developmental abnormalities in autism. European child & adolescent psychiatry 1998;7(3):131-6
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9826299[41] Dereu M, Warreyn P, Raymaekers R, Meirsschaut M, Pattyn G, Schietecatte I, Roeyers H. Screening for autism spectrum disorders in Flemish day-care centres with the checklist for early signs of developmental disorders. Journal of autism and developmental disorders 2010;40(10):1247-58
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10803-010-0984-0 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20198413[42] Dereu M, Raymaekers R, Warreyn P, Schietecatte I, Meirsschaut M, Roeyers H. Can child care workers contribute to the early detection of autism spectrum disorders? A comparison between screening instruments with child care workers versus parents as informants. Journal of autism and developmental disorders 2012;42(5):781-96
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10803-011-1307-9 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21691866[43] Dietz C, Swinkels S, van Daalen E, van Engeland H, Buitelaar JK. Screening for autistic spectrum disorder in children aged 14-15 months. II: population screening with the Early Screening of Autistic Traits Questionnaire (ESAT). Design and general findings. Journal of autism and developmental disorders 2006;36(6):713-22
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16633887[44] Dietz C.. The early screening of autistic spectrum disorders. Utrecht: Universiteit Utrecht. Proefschrift ISBN 9789039346235
[45] Dominick KC, Davis NO, Lainhart J, Tager-Flusberg H, Folstein S. Atypical behaviors in children with autism and children with a history of language impairment. Research in developmental disabilities 2007;28(2):145-62
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16581226[46] Dyches TT, Wilder LK, Sudweeks RR, Obiakor FE, Algozzine B. Multicultural issues in autism. Journal of autism and developmental disorders 2004;34(2):211-22
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15162939[47] Eaves LC, Wingert HD, Ho HH, Mickelson ECR. Screening for autism spectrum disorders with the social communication questionnaire. Journal of developmental and behavioral pediatrics : JDBP 2006;27(2 Suppl):S95-S103
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16685191[48] Eaves LC, Wingert H, Ho HH. Screening for autism: agreement with diagnosis. Autism : the international journal of research and practice 2006;10(3):229-42
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16682396[49] Filipek PA, Accardo PJ, Baranek GT, Cook EH, Dawson G, Gordon B, Gravel JS, Johnson CP, Kallen RJ, Levy SE, Minshew NJ, Ozonoff S, Prizant BM, Rapin I, Rogers SJ, Stone WL, Teplin S, Tuchman RF, Volkmar FR. The screening and diagnosis of autistic spectrum disorders. Journal of autism and developmental disorders 1999;29(6):439-84
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10638459[50] Filipek PA, Accardo PJ, Ashwal S, Baranek GT, Cook EH, Dawson G, Gordon B, Gravel JS, Johnson CP, Kallen RJ, Levy SE, Minshew NJ, Ozonoff S, Prizant BM, Rapin I, Rogers SJ, Stone WL, Teplin SW, Tuchman RF, Volkmar FR. Practice parameter: screening and diagnosis of autism: report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology and the Child Neurology Society. Neurology 2000;55(4):468-79
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10953176[51] Fombonne E. Epidemiology of autistic disorder and other pervasive developmental disorders. The Journal of clinical psychiatry 2005;66 Suppl 10():3-8
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16401144[52] Fombonne E. Estimated prevalence of autism spectrum conditions in Cambridgeshire is over 1%. Evidence-based mental health 2010;13(1):32
http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/ebmh.13.1.32 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20164529[53] Frith C.. Autism: Explaining the enigma Oxford, UK: Blackwell 1989
[54] Frith C. What do imaging studies tell us about the neural basis of autism? Novartis Foundation symposium 2003;251():149-66; discussion 166-76, 281-97
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14521192[55] Gadow KD, Roohi J, DeVincent CJ, Hatchwell E. Association of ADHD, tics, and anxiety with dopamine transporter (DAT1) genotype in autism spectrum disorder. Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines 2008;49(12):1331-8
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2008.01952.x https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19120712[56] Gezondheidsraad. Autismespectrumstoornissen: een leven lang anders Den Haag: Gezondheidsraad, publicatienr. 2009/9. ISBN 987-90-5549-760-7 2009
[57] Ghaziuddin M, Tsai L, Ghaziuddin N. Comorbidity of autistic disorder in children and adolescents. European child & adolescent psychiatry 1992;1(4):209-213
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02094180 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29871444[58] Gillberg C, Steffenburg S. Outcome and prognostic factors in infantile autism and similar conditions: a population-based study of 46 cases followed through puberty. Journal of autism and developmental disorders 1987;17(2):273-87
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3610999[59] Giovingo LK. Child Behavior Checklist Behavioral Profiles of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities and Social Sciences 2010;70(8-A):2888
[60] Goddard P., Goddard D.. I Am Intelligent: From Heartbreak to Healing -- A Mother and Daughter's Journey through Autism Guilford: Globe Pequot Press 2012
[61] Goedhart A., Treffers F., Widenfelt B.. Vragen naar psychische problemen bij kinderen en adolescenten: de Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire Maandblad Geestelijke Volksgezondheid 2003;58():1018
[62] Goldstein S, Schwebach AJ. The comorbidity of Pervasive Developmental Disorder and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: results of a retrospective chart review. Journal of autism and developmental disorders 2004;34(3):329-39
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15264500[63] Goodman R. The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire: a research note. Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines 1997;38(5):581-6
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9255702[64] Gould J., Ashton Smith J.. Diagnosis and education of women and girls with autism Manchester: Paper presentation NAS 2011
[65] Greaves-Lord K.. SRS-P Screeningslijst voor autismespectrumstoornissen bij 3-jarigen Amsterdam: Hogrefe 2014
[66] Happé F, Frith U. The weak coherence account: detail-focused cognitive style in autism spectrum disorders. Journal of autism and developmental disorders 2006;36(1):5-25
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16450045[67] Harley SL, Sikora DM. Detecting Autism Spectrum Disorder in Children With Intellectual Disability: Which DSM-IV-TR Criteria Are Most Useful? Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities 2010;25(2):85
[68] Hill EL. Executive dysfunction in autism. Trends in cognitive sciences 2004;8(1):26-32
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14697400[69] van der Hoek J., van der Kleij J.. Dubbel onzichtbaar. Turkse en Marokkaanse ouders en hun autistische kind. Tussenverslag van het project Samen verder: over de ondersteuning van Turkse en Marokkaanse ouders van een kind met autisme Leiden: Universiteit Leiden 2009
[70] Hoksbergen R, Van Dijkum C, Stoutjesdijk F. Experiences of Dutch families who parent an adopted Romanian child. Journal of developmental and behavioral pediatrics : JDBP 2002;23(6):403-9
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12476069[71] Holtmann M, Bölte S, Poustka F. Autism spectrum disorders: sex differences in autistic behaviour domains and coexisting psychopathology. Developmental medicine and child neurology 2007;49(5):361-6
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17489810[72] Honda H, Shimizu Y, Rutter M. No effect of mmr withdrawel on the incidence of autism: a total population study J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2005;46(6):572
[73] Horner RH, Carr EG, Strain PS, Todd AW, Reed HK. Problem behavior interventions for young children with autism: a research synthesis. Journal of autism and developmental disorders 2002;32(5):423-46
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12463518[74] Huskus B.E.B.M.. Autismespectrumstoornissen, verstandelijke beperking en agressie Gouda: Centrum voor Consultatie en Expertise 2009
[75] In't Velt A., Mol A.. Normaal tot hoogbegaafde vrouwen met een autismespectrumstoornis: niet begrepen? Niet herkend? Wetenschappelijk Tijdschrift Autisme 2008;3():104
[76] Kanner L. Autistic disturbances of affective contact. Acta paedopsychiatrica 1968;35(4):100-36
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4880460[77] Kanner L.. Early infantile autism Journal of Pediatrics 1944;25():211
[78] Klin A, Pauls D, Schultz R, Volkmar F. Three diagnostic approaches to Asperger syndrome: implications for research. Journal of autism and developmental disorders 2005;35(2):221-34
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15909408[79] Kraijer D.. AVZ-R. Autisme- en Verwante stoornissenschaal-Z-Revisie. Lisse: Swets Test Publishers 1999
[80] Kraijer D.. Handboek autismespectrumstoornissen en verstandelijke beperking Lisse: Harcourt 2004
[81] Kraijer D, de Bildt A. The PDD-MRS: an instrument for identification of autism spectrum disorders in persons with mental retardation. Journal of autism and developmental disorders 2005;35(4):499-513
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16134035[82] Kroes M, Kalff AC, Steyaert J, Kessels AGH, Feron FJM, Hendriksen JGM, van Zeben TMCB, Troost J, Jolles J, Vles JSH. A longitudinal community study: do psychosocial risk factors and child behavior checklist scores at 5 years of age predict psychiatric diagnoses at a later age? Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 2002;41(8):955-63
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12162631[83] Le Couteur A.. National autism plan for children (NAPC): Plan for the identification, assessment, diagnosis and access to early interventions for pre-school and primary school aged children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). London, UK: The National Autistic Society 2003
[84] Loh A, Soman T, Brian J, Bryson SE, Roberts W, Szatmari P, Smith IM, Zwaigenbaum L. Stereotyped motor behaviors associated with autism in high-risk infants: a pilot videotape analysis of a sibling sample. Journal of autism and developmental disorders 2007;37(1):25-36
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17219059[85] Lord C, Rutter M, Le Couteur A. Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised: a revised version of a diagnostic interview for caregivers of individuals with possible pervasive developmental disorders. Journal of autism and developmental disorders 1994;24(5):659-85
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7814313[86] Lord C, Pickles A, McLennan J, Rutter M, Bregman J, Folstein S, Fombonne E, Leboyer M, Minshew N. Diagnosing autism: analyses of data from the Autism Diagnostic Interview. Journal of autism and developmental disorders 1997;27(5):501-17
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9403369[87] Lord C, Risi S, Lambrecht L, Cook EH, Leventhal BL, DiLavore PC, Pickles A, Rutter M. The autism diagnostic observation schedule-generic: a standard measure of social and communication deficits associated with the spectrum of autism. Journal of autism and developmental disorders 2000;30(3):205-23
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11055457[88] Lord C, Risi S, DiLavore PS, Shulman C, Thurm A, Pickles A. Autism from 2 to 9 years of age. Archives of general psychiatry 2006;63(6):694-701
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16754843[89] MacNeil B., Lopes V., Minnes P.. Anxiety in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorders. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders 2009;3():1
[90] Mandell DS, Listerud J, Levy SE, Pinto-Martin JA. Race differences in the age at diagnosis among medicaid-eligible children with autism. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 2002;41(12):1447-53
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12447031[91] Manti E., Scholte E.M., Van Berckelaer-Onnes I.A.. A cross‐cultural comparison of childhood developmental disorders between schoolchildren in the Netherlands and Greece European Journal of Special Needs Education 2009;24(4):437
[92] Matson JL, Nebel-Schwalm MS. Comorbid psychopathology with autism spectrum disorder in children: an overview. Research in developmental disabilities 2007;28(4):341-52
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16765022[93] Matson JL, Dempsey T, Lovullo SV, Wilkins J. The effects of intellectual functioning on the range of core symptoms of autism spectrum disorders. Research in developmental disabilities 2008;29(4):341-50
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17646082[94] Matson JL, Shoemaker M. Intellectual disability and its relationship to autism spectrum disorders. Research in developmental disabilities 2009;30(6):1107-14
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2009.06.003 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19604668[95] Maurer RG, Damasio AR. Childhood autism from the point of view of behavioral neurology. Journal of autism and developmental disorders 1982;12(2):195-205
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7174608[96] Mesibov G.B., Shea V., Schopler E.. The TEACCH approach to autism spectrum disorders New York: Springer 2004
[97] Nederlandse Vereniging voor Autisme. Ledenenquête "Een plek om te leven" 2008
[98] Nederlandse Vereniging voor Psychiatrie. Richtlijn diagnostiek en behandeling autismespectrumstoornissen bij kinderen en jongeren Utrecht: de Tijdstroom 2009
[99] Noens I., Van Berckelaer-Onnes I.. The central coherence account on autism revisited: Evidence from the ComFor study Research in Autismm Spectrum Disorders 2008;2():209
[100] Ooi YP, Rescorla L, Ang RP, Woo B, Fung DSS. Identification of autism spectrum disorders using the Child Behavior Checklist in Singapore. Journal of autism and developmental disorders 2011;41(9):1147-56
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10803-010-1015-x https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20405192[101] Oosterling IJ, Swinkels SH, van der Gaag RJ, Visser JC, Dietz C, Buitelaar JK. Comparative analysis of three screening instruments for autism spectrum disorder in toddlers at high risk. Journal of autism and developmental disorders 2009;39(6):897-909
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10803-009-0692-9 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19205862[102] Oosterling IJ, Wensing M, Swinkels SH, van der Gaag RJ, Visser JC, Woudenberg T, Minderaa R, Steenhuis M-P, Buitelaar JK. Advancing early detection of autism spectrum disorder by applying an integrated two-stage screening approach. Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines 2010;51(3):250-8
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2009.02150.x https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19843319[103] Oosterling I, Roos S, de Bildt A, Rommelse N, de Jonge M, Visser J, Lappenschaar M, Swinkels S, van der Gaag RJ, Buitelaar J. Improved diagnostic validity of the ADOS revised algorithms: a replication study in an independent sample. Journal of autism and developmental disorders 2010;40(6):689-703
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10803-009-0915-0 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20148299[104] Ozonoff S, Pennington BF, Rogers SJ. Executive function deficits in high-functioning autistic individuals: relationship to theory of mind. Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines 1991;32(7):1081-105
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1787138[105] Ozonoff S.. Executive functions in autism. In E. Schopter & G. Mesibov (Eds.), Learning and Cognition in Autism New York: Plenum 1995
[106] Ozonoff S., Rogers S.J., Hendren R.L.. Autism spectrum disorders: A research review for practitioners Washington DC: American Psychiatric Publishing Inc. 2003
[107] Ozonoff S, Goodlin-Jones BL, Solomon M. Evidence-based assessment of autism spectrum disorders in children and adolescents. Journal of clinical child and adolescent psychology : the official journal for the Society of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, American Psychological Association, Division 53 2005;34(3):523-40
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16083393[108] Palmer RF, Walker T, Mandell D, Bayles B, Miller CS. Explaining low rates of autism among Hispanic schoolchildren in Texas. American journal of public health 2010;100(2):270-2
http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2008.150565 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20019320[109] Pandolfi V, Magyar CI, Dill CA. Confirmatory factor analysis of the child behavior checklist 1.5-5 in a sample of children with autism spectrum disorders. Journal of autism and developmental disorders 2009;39(7):986-95
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10803-009-0716-5 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19263208[110] Pine E, Luby J, Abbacchi A, Constantino JN. Quantitative assessment of autistic symptomatology in preschoolers. Autism : the international journal of research and practice 2006;10(4):344-52
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16908478[111] van der Ploeg J.D., Scholte E.M.. Autisme Spectrum Vragenlijst (ASV) Houten: Bohn Stafleu van Loghum 2014
[112] Reiersen AM, Todd RD. Co-occurrence of ADHD and autism spectrum disorders: phenomenology and treatment. Expert review of neurotherapeutics 2008;8(4):657-69
http://dx.doi.org/10.1586/14737175.8.4.657 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18416666[113] Rogers S., Dawson G.. Early Young Start Denver Model for Young Children with Autism Guilford Press 2010
[114] Rogers S., Dawson G., Vismara L.. Autisme bij jonge kinderen: een praktische gids voor ouders en professionals gebaseerd op het Early Start Denver Model Amsterdam: Hogrefe Uitgevers 2012
[115] Rogers SJ, Estes A, Lord C, Vismara L, Winter J, Fitzpatrick A, Guo M, Dawson G. Effects of a brief Early Start Denver model (ESDM)-based parent intervention on toddlers at risk for autism spectrum disorders: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 2012;51(10):1052-65
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2012.08.003 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23021480[116] Roeyers H.. Autisme: Alles op een rijtje Leuven: ACCO 2008
[117] Roeyers H., Thys M., Druart C., De Schryver M., Schittekate M.. SRS Screeningslijst voor Autismespectrumstoornissen, handleiding Amsterdam: Hogrefe 2011
[118] Rommelse NNJ, Geurts HM, Franke B, Buitelaar JK, Hartman CA. A review on cognitive and brain endophenotypes that may be common in autism spectrum disorder and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and facilitate the search for pleiotropic genes. Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews 2011;35(6):1363-96
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2011.02.015 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21382410[119] Rosenberg RE, Law JK, Yenokyan G, McGready J, Kaufmann WE, Law PA. Characteristics and concordance of autism spectrum disorders among 277 twin pairs. Archives of pediatrics & adolescent medicine 2009;163(10):907-14
http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archpediatrics.2009.98 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19805709[120] Russell G, Rodgers LR, Ford T. The strengths and difficulties questionnaire as a predictor of parent-reported diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. PloS one 2013;8(12):e80247
http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0080247 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24312466[121] Rutter M. "Project Future": the way forward for child psychiatry? Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry 1984;23(5):577-81
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6481030[122] Rutter M, Andersen-Wood L, Beckett C, Bredenkamp D, Castle J, Groothues C, Kreppner J, Keaveney L, Lord C, O'Connor TG. Quasi-autistic patterns following severe early global privation. English and Romanian Adoptees (ERA) Study Team. Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines 1999;40(4):537-49
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10357161[123] Rutter M., Le Couteur A., Lord C.. ADI-R. Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised edition. Vol. WPD Edition Los Angeles: Western Psychological Services 2003
[124] Rutter M. Aetiology of autism: findings and questions. Journal of intellectual disability research : JIDR 2005;49(Pt 4):231-8
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15816809[125] Scholte E.M., Van Berckelaer-Onnes I., Van der Ploeg J.D.. Rating scale to screen symptoms of psychiatric disorders in children European Journal of Special Needs Education 2008;23(1):47
[126] Servatius-Oosterling I.. Toddlers with Autism. Aspects of early detection, diagnosis, and intervention. Utrecht: Dissertation Radboud University Nijmegen 2010
[127] SIGN. Assessment, diagnosis and clinical interventions for children and Young people with autism spectrum disorders. A national clinical guideline. Edingburgh: Scottish International Guidelines Network (SIGN) 2007
[128] Sikora DM, Hall TA, Hartley SL, Gerrard-Morris AE, Cagle S. Does parent report of behavior differ across ADOS-G classifications: analysis of scores from the CBCL and GARS. Journal of autism and developmental disorders 2008;38(3):440-8
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17619131[129] Simonoff E, Pickles A, Charman T, Chandler S, Loucas T, Baird G. Psychiatric disorders in children with autism spectrum disorders: prevalence, comorbidity, and associated factors in a population-derived sample. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 2008;47(8):921-9
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/CHI.0b013e318179964f https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18645422[130] Snow AV, Lecavalier L. Sensitivity and specificity of the Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers and the Social Communication Questionnaire in preschoolers suspected of having pervasive developmental disorders. Autism : the international journal of research and practice 2008;12(6):627-44
http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1362361308097116 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19005032[131] Spek AA, Scholte EM, Van Berckelaer-Onnes IA. Theory of mind in adults with HFA and Asperger syndrome. Journal of autism and developmental disorders 2010;40(3):280-9
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10803-009-0860-y https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19763808[132] State MW. The genetics of child psychiatric disorders: focus on autism and Tourette syndrome. Neuron 2010;68(2):254-69
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2010.10.004 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20955933[133] Stone WL, Coonrod EE, Turner LM, Pozdol SL. Psychometric properties of the STAT for early autism screening. Journal of autism and developmental disorders 2004;34(6):691-701
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15679188[134] Swinkels SHN, Dietz C, van Daalen E, Kerkhof IHGM, van Engeland H, Buitelaar JK. Screening for autistic spectrum in children aged 14 to 15 months. I: the development of the Early Screening of Autistic Traits Questionnaire (ESAT). Journal of autism and developmental disorders 2006;36(6):723-32
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16614790[135] Taylor B, Lingam R, Simmons A, Stowe J, Miller E, Andrews N. Autism and MMR vaccination in North London; no causal relationship. Molecular psychiatry 2002;7 Suppl 2():S7-8
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12142932[136] Teunisse J.P.. De rol van klinisch neuropsycholoog in de diagnostiek van autismespectrumstoornissen. Tijdschrift voor Neuropsychologie 2009;3():15
[137] The AGREE Collaboration. Appraisal of Guidelines for Research & Evaluation (AGREE) Instrument
http://www.agreecollaboration.org[138] Retraction--Ileal-lymphoid-nodular hyperplasia, non-specific colitis, and pervasive developmental disorder in children. Lancet (London, England) 2010;375(9713):445
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60175-4 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20137807[139] Van Daalen E.. Early diagnosis of autism spectrum disorders. Proefschrift Utrecht: universiteit Utrecht 2010
[140] van Daalen E, Kemner C, Dietz C, Swinkels SHN, Buitelaar JK, van Engeland H. Inter-rater reliability and stability of diagnoses of autism spectrum disorder in children identified through screening at a very young age. European child & adolescent psychiatry 2009;18(11):663-74
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00787-009-0025-8 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19421728[141] Van der Eijk. Is het Van Wiechenonderzoek 0-24 maanden ook bruikbaar voor niet-Nederlandse kinderen? JGZ 2008;40(1):2
[142] Van Everdingen J.. Evidence-based richtlijnontwikkeling Bohn Stafleu van Loghum 2004
[143] Van Markus H.. Evaluatie van het Van Wiechenschema naar de detectie van autisme op het consultatiebureau 2005
http://www.kuleuven.be/jgz/ggs/eindwerken/bestanden/eindwerk%20H%20Van%20Ma%20rkus.pdf[144] Venderbosch S.. Een plek om te leven : een onderzoek naar de leefsituatie van mensen met autisme Bilthoven: Nederlandse Vereniging voor Autisme 2008
[145] Vogels AGC, Crone MR, Hoekstra F, Reijneveld SA. Comparing three short questionnaires to detect psychosocial dysfunction among primary school children: a randomized method. BMC public health 2009;9():489
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-9-489 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20035636[146] Volkmar FR, Bregman J, Cohen DJ, Cicchetti DV. DSM-III and DSM-III-R diagnoses of autism. The American journal of psychiatry 1988;145(11):1404-8
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3189597[147] Volkmar F, Chawarska K, Klin A. Autism in infancy and early childhood. Annual review of psychology 2005;56():315-36
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15709938[148] Volkmar FR, Tsatsanis KD. Asperger syndrome. Journal of autism and developmental disorders 2005;35(2):259-60
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15909411[149] Wakefield AJ, Murch SH, Anthony A, Linnell J, Casson DM, Malik M, Berelowitz M, Dhillon AP, Thomson MA, Harvey P, Valentine A, Davies SE, Walker-Smith JA. Ileal-lymphoid-nodular hyperplasia, non-specific colitis, and pervasive developmental disorder in children. Lancet (London, England) 1998;351(9103):637-41
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9500320[150] Wallis KE, Pinto-Martin J. The challenge of screening for autism spectrum disorder in a culturally diverse society. Acta paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992) 2008;97(5):539-40
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1651-2227.2008.00720.x https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18373717[151] Warreyn P., Raymaekers R., Roeyers H.. Handleiding bij de Vragenlijst Sociale Communicatie (SCQ-nl) Belgium: Stichting Integratie Gehandicapten 2004
[152] Witwer AN, Lecavalier L. Autism screening tools: an evaluation of the Social Communication Questionnaire and the Developmental Behaviour Checklist-Autism Screening Algorithm. Journal of intellectual & developmental disability 2007;32(3):179-87
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17885895[153] Wolf LC, Noh S, Fisman SN, Speechley M. Psychological effects of parenting stress on parents of autistic children. Journal of autism and developmental disorders 1989;19(1):157-66
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2523379[154] Wolf JM, Tanaka JW, Klaiman C, Cockburn J, Herlihy L, Brown C, South M, McPartland J, Kaiser MD, Phillips R, Schultz RT. Specific impairment of face-processing abilities in children with autism spectrum disorder using the Let's Face It! skills battery. Autism research : official journal of the International Society for Autism Research 2008;1(6):329-40
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aur.56 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19360688[155] World Health Organization. Mental disorders: A glossary and guide to their classification in accordance with the 10th revision of the international classification of diseases – research diagnostic criteria (ICD-10) Geneva: WHO 1993
[156] Wulffaert J.. Genetic Syndromes in the family: child characteristics and parenting stress in Angelman, CHARGE, Cornelia de Lange, Prader-Willi and Rett syndrome. Enschede: Ipskamp Drukkers 2010
[157] Laurent-De Angelo M.S., Brouwers-de Jong E.A.. Ontwikkelingsonderzoek in de jeugdgezondheidszorg het Van Wiechenonderzoek, de Baecke-Fassaert motoriektest 2005