3.5 Overzicht van de risico- en beschermende factoren en sterkte van de verbanden
JGZ-richtlijn Psychosociale problemen
Psychosociale problemen
Let op: deze richtlijn is momenteel in herziening.
Dit betekent niet dat de inhoud van deze richtlijn incorrect is. Tot de herziening blijft de richtlijn leidend voor de praktijk. Wel bestaat er een kans dat een deel van de informatie verouderd is.
Heb je feedback over deze JGZ-richtlijn? Vul dan het feedback formulier in op de introductie pagina van de richtlijn.
Tabel 3 geeft de risico- en beschermende factoren schematisch weer. Leeftijd van het kind is niet opgenomen in de tabel, omdat de relatie met psychosociale problemen niet eenduidig is, de prevalenties verschillen per informatiebron (ouder, kind, en JGZ-professional). Psychosociale problemen komen niet vaker voor bij jongens of meisje, maar het verschilt wel per type probleem. Externaliserende problemen komen vaker voor bij jongens, terwijl meisjes in de adolescentie vaker internaliserende problemen rapporteren. Het is belangrijk om te realiseren dat sommige risicofactoren belangrijker zijn dan andere factoren. Hoe meer risicofactoren er voorkomen, des te grotere kans op een psychosociaal probleem bij het kind (zie Tabel 4).
Tabel 3: Samengevat risico- en beschermende factoren (cursief gedrukte risicofactoren hebben een lagere wetenschappelijke bewijslast)
Bedreigend
Beschermend
KIND
matig prematuur (32-36 weken) of ernstig prematuur (<32 weken) geboren of een laag geboortegewicht ( gewicht < 1500 gram)
geremd, prikkelbaar temperament (moeilijk of minder sociaal)
ongeremd, extrovert temperament dat gekenmerkt wordt door lage aandachtsspanne
chronische somatische aandoening
licht verstandelijke beperking (LVB)
intelligent kind
veel zelfvertrouwen bij het kind
OUDER(S)
chronische somatische aandoening
psychiatrische en/of verslavingsproblemen zoals (postpartum)depressie bij moeder of depressie/ADHD/ middelenstoornis bij vader
moeder heeft in haar jeugd mishandeling meegemaakt
alcoholgebruik bij moeder (1 tot 3 glazen per week) of actief roken van moeder tijdens de zwangerschap
één van de volgende opvoedstijlen: vijandig, afwijzend, gebruik makend van strenge straffen of overbescherming
weinig vertrouwen in de eigen opvoedcompetenties
warme, sensitieve opvoedstijl (zoals acceptatie en responsiviteit) van moeder
goede band tussen kind en ouders
GEZIN EN OMGEVING
onveilig vermijdend of gedesorganiseerde gehechtheidsrelatie tussen ouder en kind
éénouder gezin
ingrijpende gebeurtenissen zoals echtscheiding
lage Sociaal Economische Status (SES, lage opleiding en/of laag inkomen)
achtergestelde woonomgeving (wijk met veel werkeloosheid en laag inkomen en opleidingsniveau)
allochtone achtergrond (dwz: afkomstig uit niet-geïndustrialiseerde landen zoals Suriname en Antillen en economische immigranten (o.a. Polen, Turken en Marokkanen)
een gevlucht of een asielzoekersgezin dat vaker dan 1 keer in een jaar verhuist; of een gezin waarin het kind blootgesteld is geweest aan geweld.
sociale steun van het informele netwerk van de ouders
Tabel 4: Risicokenmerken (arm, laag opgeleid, allochtoon, éénouder gezin) versus psychosociale problemen bij het kind
[1] Astill RG, Van der Heijden KB, Van Ijzendoorn MH, Van Someren EJW. Sleep, cognition, and behavioral problems in school-age children: a century of research meta-analyzed. Psychological bulletin 2012;138(6):1109-38
[2] Bot M, de Leeuw den Bouter BJE, Adriaanse MC. Prevalence of psychosocial problems in Dutch children aged 8-12 years and its association with risk factors and quality of life. Epidemiology and psychiatric sciences 2011;20(4):357-65
[3] Breslau J, Lane M, Sampson N, Kessler RC. Mental disorders and subsequent educational attainment in a US national sample. Journal of psychiatric research 2008;42(9):708-16
[4] Breslau J, Miller E, Joanie Chung W-J, Schweitzer JB. Childhood and adolescent onset psychiatric disorders, substance use, and failure to graduate high school on time. Journal of psychiatric research 2011;45(3):295-301
[7] Fearon RP, Bakermans-Kranenburg MJ, van Ijzendoorn MH, Lapsley A-M, Roisman GI. The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: a meta-analytic study. Child development 2010;81(2):435-56
[8] Gillespie CF, Phifer J, Bradley B, Ressler KJ. Risk and resilience: genetic and environmental influences on development of the stress response. Depression and anxiety 2009;26(11):984-92
[9] Groh AM, Roisman GI, van Ijzendoorn MH, Bakermans-Kranenburg MJ, Fearon RP. The significance of insecure and disorganized attachment for children's internalizing symptoms: a meta-analytic study. Child development 2012;83(2):591-610
[10] Hofstra MB, van der Ende J, Verhulst FC. Child and adolescent problems predict DSM-IV disorders in adulthood: a 14-year follow-up of a Dutch epidemiological sample. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 2002;41(2):182-9
[11] Lindsay G, Dockrell JE, Strand S. Longitudinal patterns of behaviour problems in children with specific speech and language difficulties: child and contextual factors. The British journal of educational psychology 2007;77(Pt 4):811-28
[12] McCrory E, De Brito SA, Viding E. Research review: the neurobiology and genetics of maltreatment and adversity. Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines 2010;51(10):1079-95
[13] Oeseburg B, Jansen DEMC, Groothoff JW, Dijkstra GJ, Reijneveld SA. Emotional and behavioural problems in adolescents with intellectual disability with and without chronic diseases. Journal of intellectual disability research : JIDR 2010;54(1):81-9
[14] Ormel J, Raven D, van Oort F, Hartman CA, Reijneveld SA, Veenstra R, Vollebergh WAM, Buitelaar J, Verhulst FC, Oldehinkel AJ. Mental health in Dutch adolescents: a TRAILS report on prevalence, severity, age of onset, continuity and co-morbidity of DSM disorders. Psychological medicine 2015;45(2):345-60
[15] Reef J, Diamantopoulou S, van Meurs I, Verhulst F, van der Ende J. Child to adult continuities of psychopathology: a 24-year follow-up. Acta psychiatrica Scandinavica 2009;120(3):230-8
[16] Reijneveld SA, Vogels AGC, Hoekstra F, Crone MR. Use of the Pediatric Symptom Checklist for the detection of psychosocial problems in preventive child healthcare. BMC public health 2006;6():197
[18] Stevens GWJM, Vollebergh WAM. Mental health in migrant children. Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines 2008;49(3):276-94
[19] Teicher MH, Andersen SL, Polcari A, Anderson CM, Navalta CP, Kim DM. The neurobiological consequences of early stress and childhood maltreatment. Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews 2003;27(1-2):33-44
[20] Theunissen MHC, Vogels AGC, de Wolff MS, Reijneveld SA. Characteristics of the strengths and difficulties questionnaire in preschool children. Pediatrics 2013;131(2):e446-54
[21] van Ijzendoorn MH, Juffer F. The Emanuel Miller Memorial Lecture 2006: adoption as intervention. Meta-analytic evidence for massive catch-up and plasticity in physical, socio-emotional, and cognitive development. Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines 2006;47(12):1228-45
[22] Veldman K, Bültmann U, Stewart RE, Ormel J, Verhulst FC, Reijneveld SA. Mental health problems and educational attainment in adolescence: 9-year follow-up of the TRAILS study. PloS one 2014;9(7):e101751
[23] Vogels AGC, Crone MR, Hoekstra F, Reijneveld SA. Comparing three short questionnaires to detect psychosocial dysfunction among primary school children: a randomized method. BMC public health 2009;9():489
[24] Alvik A, Aalen OO, Lindemann R. Early fetal binge alcohol exposure predicts high behavioral symptom scores in 5.5-year-old children. Alcoholism, clinical and experimental research 2013;37(11):1954-62
[25] Arpi E, Ferrari F. Preterm birth and behaviour problems in infants and preschool-age children: a review of the recent literature. Developmental medicine and child neurology 2013;55(9):788-96
[26] Ashford J, van Lier PAC, Timmermans M, Cuijpers P, Koot HM. Prenatal smoking and internalizing and externalizing problems in children studied from childhood to late adolescence. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 2008;47(7):779-87
[27] Ashford J, Smit F, van Lier PAC, Cuijpers P, Koot HM. Early risk indicators of internalizing problems in late childhood: a 9-year longitudinal study. Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines 2008;49(7):774-80
[28] van Baar AL, Vermaas J, Knots E, de Kleine MJK, Soons P. Functioning at school age of moderately preterm children born at 32 to 36 weeks' gestational age. Pediatrics 2009;124(1):251-7
[29] Barnett MA, Scaramella LV, Neppl TK, Ontai LL, Conger RD. Grandmother involvement as a protective factor for early childhood social adjustment. Journal of family psychology : JFP : journal of the Division of Family Psychology of the American Psychological Association (Division 43) 2010;24(5):635-45
[30] Bayer JK, Ukoumunne OC, Lucas N, Wake M, Scalzo K, Nicholson JM. Risk factors for childhood mental health symptoms: national longitudinal study of Australian children. Pediatrics 2011;128(4):e865-79
[32] Berdan LE, Keane SP, Calkins SD. Temperament and externalizing behavior: social preference and perceived acceptance as protective factors. Developmental psychology 2008;44(4):957-968
[33] Biederman J, Faraone SV, Hirshfeld-Becker DR, Friedman D, Robin JA, Rosenbaum JF. Patterns of psychopathology and dysfunction in high-risk children of parents with panic disorder and major depression. The American journal of psychiatry 2001;158(1):49-57
[34] Bowes L, Maughan B, Caspi A, Moffitt TE, Arseneault L. Families promote emotional and behavioural resilience to bullying: evidence of an environmental effect. Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines 2010;51(7):809-17
[35] Cabaj JL, McDonald SW, Tough SC. Early childhood risk and resilience factors for behavioural and emotional problems in middle childhood. BMC pediatrics 2014;14():166
[36] Caspi A, Henry B, McGee RO, Moffitt TE, Silva PA. Temperamental origins of child and adolescent behavior problems: from age three to age fifteen. Child development 1995;66(1):55-68
[37] Cavaleri MA, Olin SS, Kim A, Hoagwood KE, Burns BJ. Family support in prevention programs for children at risk for emotional/behavioral problems. Clinical child and family psychology review 2011;14(4):399-412
[38] Clark DB, Cornelius J, Wood DS, Vanyukov M. Psychopathology risk transmission in children of parents with substance use disorders. The American journal of psychiatry 2004;161(4):685-91
[39] Crone MR, Bekkema N, Wiefferink CH, Reijneveld SA. Professional identification of psychosocial problems among children from ethnic minority groups: room for improvement. The Journal of pediatrics 2010;156(2):277-84.e1
[40] Cummings EM, Davies PT. Maternal depression and child development. Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines 1994;35(1):73-112
[41] Cuijpers P, Langendoen Y, Bijl RV. Psychiatric disorders in adult children of problem drinkers: prevalence, first onset and comparison with other risk factors. Addiction (Abingdon, England) 1999;94(10):1489-98
[42] Crick NR, Zahn-Waxler C. The development of psychopathology in females and males: current progress and future challenges. Development and psychopathology 2003;15(3):719-42
[44] Ezpeleta L, Granero R, de la Osa N, Domènech JM. Risk factor clustering for psychopathology in socially at-risk Spanish children. Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology 2008;43(7):559-68
[45] Fazel M, Reed RV, Panter-Brick C, Stein A. Mental health of displaced and refugee children resettled in high-income countries: risk and protective factors. Lancet (London, England) 2012;379(9812):266-82
[46] Flouri E, Tzavidis N, Kallis C. Adverse life events, area socioeconomic disadvantage, and psychopathology and resilience in young children: the importance of risk factors' accumulation and protective factors' specificity. European child & adolescent psychiatry 2010;19(6):535-46
[48] Goldsmith HH, Buss AH, Plomin R, Rothbart MK, Thomas A, Chess S, Hinde RA, McCall RB. Roundtable: what is temperament? Four approaches. Child development 1987;58(2):505-29
[49] Goodman SH, Rouse MH, Connell AM, Broth MR, Hall CM, Heyward D. Maternal depression and child psychopathology: a meta-analytic review. Clinical child and family psychology review 2011;14(1):1-27
[50] Goosen S, Stronks K, Kunst AE. Frequent relocations between asylum-seeker centres are associated with mental distress in asylum-seeking children: a longitudinal medical record study. International journal of epidemiology 2014;43(1):94-104
[52] Harland P, Reijneveld SA, Brugman E, Verloove-Vanhorick SP, Verhulst FC. Family factors and life events as risk factors for behavioural and emotional problems in children. European child & adolescent psychiatry 2002;11(4):176-84
[53] Herbert SD, Harvey EA, Lugo-Candelas CI, Breaux RP. Early fathering as a predictor of later psychosocial functioning among preschool children with behavior problems. Journal of abnormal child psychology 2013;41(5):691-703
[54] Heberle AE, Krill SC, Briggs-Gowan MJ, Carter AS. Predicting externalizing and internalizing behavior in kindergarten: examining the buffering role of early social support. Journal of clinical child and adolescent psychology : the official journal for the Society of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, American Psychological Association, Division 53 2015;44(4):640-54
[55] Hipwell AE, Goossens FA, Melhuish EC, Kumar R. Severe maternal psychopathology and infant-mother attachment. Development and psychopathology 2000;12(2):157-75
[56] Janssen MMM, Verhulst FC, Bengi-Arslan L, Erol N, Salter CJ, Crijnen AAM. Comparison of self-reported emotional and behavioral problems in Turkish immigrant, Dutch and Turkish adolescents. Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology 2004;39(2):133-40
[57] Kabiru CW, Elung'ata P, Mojola SA, Beguy D. Adverse life events and delinquent behavior among Kenyan adolescents: a cross-sectional study on the protective role of parental monitoring, religiosity, and self-esteem. Child and adolescent psychiatry and mental health 2014;8():24
[58] Kaptein S, Jansen DEMC, Vogels AGC, Reijneveld SA. Mental health problems in children with intellectual disability: use of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. Journal of intellectual disability research : JIDR 2008;52(Pt 2):125-31
[59] Karabekiroglu K, Uslu R, Kapci-Seyitoglu EG, Özbaran B, Öztop DB, Özel-Özcan Ö, Dogangün B, Gülen-Sismanlar S, Görker I, Fidan T, Bahali KM, Barut Y, Gürkan K, Kilic BG, Ay P, Taskin B, Bilgin N, Cengel-Kültür ES. A nationwide study of social-emotional problems in young children in Turkey. Infant behavior & development 2013;36(1):162-70
[60] Kraemer HC, Stice E, Kazdin A, Offord D, Kupfer D. How do risk factors work together? Mediators, moderators, and independent, overlapping, and proxy risk factors. The American journal of psychiatry 2001;158(6):848-56
[61] McLaughlin KA, Gadermann AM, Hwang I, Sampson NA, Al-Hamzawi A, Andrade LH, Angermeyer MC, Benjet C, Bromet EJ, Bruffaerts R, Caldas-de-Almeida JM, de Girolamo G, de Graaf R, Florescu S, Gureje O, Haro JM, Hinkov HR, Horiguchi I, Hu C, Karam AN, Kovess-Masfety V, Lee S, Murphy SD, Nizamie SH, Posada-Villa J, Williams DR, Kessler RC. Parent psychopathology and offspring mental disorders: results from the WHO World Mental Health Surveys. The British journal of psychiatry : the journal of mental science 2012;200(4):290-9
[62] Monshouwer K, Huizink AC, Harakeh Z, Raaijmakers QAW, Reijneveld SA, Oldehinkel AJ, Verhulst FC, Vollebergh WAM. Prenatal smoking exposure and the risk of behavioral problems and substance use in adolescence: the TRAILS study. European addiction research 2011;17(6):342-50
[63] Motlagh MG, Sukhodolsky DG, Landeros-Weisenberger A, Katsovich L, Thompson N, Scahill L, King RA, Peterson BS, Schultz RT, Leckman JF. Adverse effects of heavy prenatal maternal smoking on attentional control in children with ADHD. Journal of attention disorders 2011;15(7):593-603
[64] Myhre MC, Dyb GA, Wentzel-Larsen T, Grøgaard JB, Thoresen S. Maternal childhood abuse predicts externalizing behaviour in toddlers: a prospective cohort study. Scandinavian journal of public health 2014;42(3):263-9
[65] Oliva A, Jimenez JM, Parra A. Protective effect of supportive family relationships and the influence of stressful life events on adolescent adjustment. Anxiety, stress, and coping 2009;22(2):137-52
[66] Plant DT, Barker ED, Waters CS, Pawlby S, Pariante CM. Intergenerational transmission of maltreatment and psychopathology: the role of antenatal depression. Psychological medicine 2013;43(3):519-28
[67] Potijk MR, de Winter AF, Bos AF, Kerstjens JM, Reijneveld SA. Higher rates of behavioural and emotional problems at preschool age in children born moderately preterm. Archives of disease in childhood 2012;97(2):112-7
[68] Reijneveld SA, de Kleine MJK, van Baar AL, Kollée LAA, Verhaak CM, Verhulst FC, Verloove-Vanhorick SP. Behavioural and emotional problems in very preterm and very low birthweight infants at age 5 years. Archives of disease in childhood. Fetal and neonatal edition 2006;91(6):F423-8
[69] Reijneveld SA, Brugman E, Verhulst FC, Verloove-Vanhorick SP. Area deprivation and child psychosocial problems--a national cross-sectional study among school-aged children. Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology 2005;40(1):18-23
[70] Reijneveld SA, Crone MR, Schuller AA, Verhulst FC, Verloove-Vanhorick SP. The changing impact of a severe disaster on the mental health and substance misuse of adolescents: follow-up of a controlled study. Psychological medicine 2005;35(3):367-76
[71] Reijneveld SA, Crone MR, Verhulst FC, Verloove-Vanhorick SP. The effect of a severe disaster on the mental health of adolescents: a controlled study. Lancet (London, England) 2003;362(9385):691-6
[72] Reijneveld SA, Veenstra R, de Winter AF, Verhulst FC, Ormel J, de Meer G. Area deprivation affects behavioral problems of young adolescents in mixed urban and rural areas: the TRAILS study. The Journal of adolescent health : official publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine 2010;46(2):189-96
[73] Rijlaarsdam J, Stevens GWJM, van der Ende J, Hofman A, Jaddoe VWV, Mackenbach JP, Verhulst FC, Tiemeier H. Economic disadvantage and young children's emotional and behavioral problems: mechanisms of risk. Journal of abnormal child psychology 2013;41(1):125-37
[74] Rijlaarsdam J, Tiemeier H, Hofman A, Jaddoe VWV, Mackenbach JP, Verhulst FC, Stevens GWJM. Home environments of infants: relations with child development through age 3. Journal of epidemiology and community health 2013;67(1):14-20
[75] Schwartz CE, Snidman N, Kagan J. Adolescent social anxiety as an outcome of inhibited temperament in childhood. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 1999;38(8):1008-15
[76] Sieh DS, Meijer AM, Oort FJ, Visser-Meily JMA, Van der Leij DAV. Problem behavior in children of chronically ill parents: a meta-analysis. Clinical child and family psychology review 2010;13(4):384-97
[77] Sieh DS, Visser-Meily JMA, Meijer AM. Differential Outcomes of Adolescents with Chronically Ill and Healthy Parents. Journal of child and family studies 2013;22(2):209-218
[78] Taggart L, Taylor D, McCrum-Gardner E. Individual, life events, family and socio-economic factors associated with young people with intellectual disability and with and without behavioural/emotional problems. Journal of intellectual disabilities : JOID 2010;14(4):267-88
[79] Talge NM, Holzman C, Wang J, Lucia V, Gardiner J, Breslau N. Late-preterm birth and its association with cognitive and socioemotional outcomes at 6 years of age. Pediatrics 2010;126(6):1124-31
[80] Teerikangas OM, Aronen ET, Martin RP, Huttunen MO. Effects of infant temperament and early intervention on the psychiatric symptoms of adolescents. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 1998;37(10):1070-6
[81] Timmermans M, van Lier PAC, Koot HM. The role of stressful events in the development of behavioural and emotional problems from early childhood to late adolescence. Psychological medicine 2010;40(10):1659-68
[82] Velders FP, Dieleman G, Henrichs J, Jaddoe VWV, Hofman A, Verhulst FC, Hudziak JJ, Tiemeier H. Prenatal and postnatal psychological symptoms of parents and family functioning: the impact on child emotional and behavioural problems. European child & adolescent psychiatry 2011;20(7):341-50
[83] Visser A, Huizinga GA, van der Graaf WTA, Hoekstra HJ, Hoekstra-Weebers JEHM. The impact of parental cancer on children and the family: a review of the literature. Cancer treatment reviews 2004;30(8):683-94
[84] Weaver CM, Shaw DS, Dishion TJ, Wilson MN. Parenting self-efficacy and problem behavior in children at high risk for early conduct problems: the mediating role of maternal depression. Infant behavior & development 2008;31(4):594-605
[85] Willems DL, de Vries J-N, Isarin J, Reinders JS. Parenting by persons with intellectual disability: an explorative study in the Netherlands. Journal of intellectual disability research : JIDR 2007;51(Pt 7):537-44
[86] Wu Y-C, Hsieh W-S, Hsu C-H, Chang J-H, Chou H-C, Hsu H-C, Chiu N-C, Lee W-T, Chen W-J, Ho Y-W, Jeng S-F. Intervention effects on emotion regulation in preterm infants with very low birth weight: A randomize controlled trial. Research in developmental disabilities 2016;48():1-12
[87] Zahn-Waxler C, Shirtcliff EA, Marceau K. Disorders of childhood and adolescence: gender and psychopathology. Annual review of clinical psychology 2008;4():275-303
[88] Brugman E, Reijneveld SA, Verhulst FC, Verloove-Vanhorick SP. Identification and management of psychosocial problems by preventive child health care. Archives of pediatrics & adolescent medicine 2001;155(4):462-9
[89] Harmsen H, Meeuwesen L, van Wieringen J, Bernsen R, Bruijnzeels M. When cultures meet in general practice: intercultural differences between GPs and parents of child patients. Patient education and counseling 2003;51(2):99-106
[90] Klein Velderman M, Crone MR, Wiefferink CH, Reijneveld SA. Identification and management of psychosocial problems among toddlers by preventive child health care professionals. European journal of public health 2010;20(3):332-8
[91] Kruizinga I, Jansen W, de Haan CL, van der Ende J, Carter AS, Raat H. Reliability and validity of the Dutch version of the Brief Infant-Toddler Social and Emotional Assessment (BITSEA). PloS one 2012;7(6):e38762
[92] Kruizinga I, Jansen W, de Haan CL, Raat H. Reliability and validity of the KIPPPI: an early detection tool for psychosocial problems in toddlers. PloS one 2012;7(11):e49633
[93] Meeuwesen L, Harmsen JAM, Bernsen RMD, Bruijnzeels MA. Do Dutch doctors communicate differently with immigrant patients than with Dutch patients? Social science & medicine (1982) 2006;63(9):2407-17
[94] Reijneveld SA, Brugman E, Verhulst FC, Verloove-Vanhorick SP. Identification and management of psychosocial problems among toddlers in Dutch preventive child health care. Archives of pediatrics & adolescent medicine 2004;158(8):811-7
[96] Staal IIE, Hermanns JMA, Schrijvers AJP, van Stel HF. Risk assessment of parents' concerns at 18 months in preventive child health care predicted child abuse and neglect. Child abuse & neglect 2013;37(7):475-84
[97] van Stel HF, Staal IIE, Hermanns JMA, Schrijvers AJP. Validity and reliability of a structured interview for early detection and risk assessment of parenting and developmental problems in young children: a cross-sectional study. BMC pediatrics 2012;12():71
[98] Theunissen MHC, Vogels AGC, Reijneveld SA. Early detection of psychosocial problems in children aged 5 to 6 years by preventive child healthcare: has it improved? The Journal of pediatrics 2012;160(3):500-4
[99] Theunissen MHC, Vogels AGC, de Wolff MS, Crone MR, Reijneveld SA. Comparing three short questionnaires to detect psychosocial problems among 3 to 4-year olds. BMC pediatrics 2015;15():84
[100] van de Looij-Jansen PM, Goedhart AW, de Wilde EJ, Treffers PDA. Confirmatory factor analysis and factorial invariance analysis of the adolescent self-report Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire: how important are method effects and minor factors? The British journal of clinical psychology 2011;50(2):127-44
[101] Vogels AGC, Jacobusse GW, Hoekstra F, Brugman E, Crone M, Reijneveld SA. Identification of children with psychosocial problems differed between preventive child health care professionals. Journal of clinical epidemiology 2008;61(11):1144-51
[102] Vogels T, Reijneveld SA, Brugman E, den Hollander-Gijsman M, Verhulst FC, Verloove-Vanhorick SP. Detecting psychosocial problems among 5-6-year-old children in preventive Child Health Care: the validity of a short questionnaire used in an assessment procedure for detecting psychosocial problems among children. European journal of public health 2003;13(4):353-60
[103] Vogels AGC, Jacobusse GW, Reijneveld SA. An accurate and efficient identification of children with psychosocial problems by means of computerized adaptive testing. BMC medical research methodology 2011;11():111
[104] de Wolff MS, Theunissen MHC, Vogels AGC, Reijneveld SA. Three questionnaires to detect psychosocial problems in toddlers: a comparison of the BITSEA, ASQ:SE, and KIPPPI. Academic pediatrics 2013;13(6):587-92
[106] Horowitz JL, Garber J. The prevention of depressive symptoms in children and adolescents: A meta-analytic review. Journal of consulting and clinical psychology 2006;74(3):401-15
[107] Kaminski JW, Valle LA, Filene JH, Boyle CL. A meta-analytic review of components associated with parent training program effectiveness. Journal of abnormal child psychology 2008;36(4):567-89
[108] Merry SN, Hetrick SE, Cox GR, Brudevold-Iversen T, Bir JJ, McDowell H. Psychological and educational interventions for preventing depression in children and adolescents. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews 2011
[109] Bakker I., Bakker K.. O + O². Naar een samenhangend beleid en aanbod van opvoedingsondersteuning en ontwikkelingsstimulering voor ouders en kinderen in risicosituaties. Utrecht: NIZW. 1997
[110] Bakker I., Bakker K.. O & O in perspectief. Utrecht: NIZW. 1998
[111] Bateman A., Fonagy P.. Handbook of mentalizing in mental health practice. (Handbook of mentalizing in mental health practice.) 2012
[112] Bernstein D.A., Clarke-Stewart A., Roy E.J., Wickens C.D.. Psychology. New York: Houghton Mifflin Company. 1997
[114] Bool M., Blekman J., de Jong S., Ruiter M., Voordouw I.. .Verminderen van suïcidaliteit. Beleidsadvies. Acualisering van het Advies inzake Suïcide, Gezondheidsraad 1986. Utrecht: Trimbos-instituut, 2007.
[115] Bowlby J.. A secure base. Clinical applications of attachment theory. London: Routledge. 1988
[116] Brunner E., Marmot M.G.. Social organization, stress, and health Social Determinants of Health 2005
[117] Dorsselaer S., Zeijl E., van den Eeckhout S., ter Bogt T., Vollebergh W.. Gezondheid en welzijn van jongeren in Nederland. Utrecht: Trimbos instituut. 2007
[118] Miech RA, Caspi A, Moffitt TE, Wright BRE, Silva PA. Low Socioeconomic Status and Mental Disorders: A Longitudinal Study of Selection and Causation during Young Adulthood American Journal of Sociology 1999;104(4):1096
[119] Postma S.. JGZ-richtlijn vroegsignalering van psychosociale problemen. RIVM, Centrum Jeugdgezondheid, Bilthoven 2008
[120] Van der Ploeg J.D.. Gedragsproblemen: ontwikkelingen en risico’s. Rotterdam: Lemniscaat 2007
[121] Schoemaker C., De Ruiter C., Van den Berg M., Cuijpers P., De Graaf R., Ten Have M.. Nationale monitor geestelijke gezondheid: jaarboek 2003: ADHD, anorexia nervosa en andere psychische stoornissen. Utrecht: Trimbos-instituut, 2003
[122] Schuengel C., Sterkenburg P.S.. Gehechtheid als gemeenschappelijk terrein voor psychotherapie en orthopedagogiek. Kinder- & Jeugdpsychotherapie, 4, 40-58. 2004
[123] Sroufe L.A., Cooper R.G., DeHart G.B.. . Child development. Its nature and course. New York: McGraw-hill, inc. 1996
[124] Sroufe LA, Egeland B, Carlson EA, Collins WA. The development of the person: The Minnesota study of risk and adaptation from birth to adulthood. (The development of the person: The Minnesota study of risk and adaptation from birth to adulthood.) 2005
[125] van den Dries L, Juffer F, van IJzendoorn MH, Bakermans-Kranenburg MJ. Fostering security? A meta-analysis of attachment in adopted children. Children and Youth Services Review 2009;31(3):410
[126] Van Steijn L., de Winter A.F., Reijneveld S.A.. Stabiliteit en verandering van psychosociale gezondheid en leefstijl bij adolescenten en mogelijkheden voor interventies. Bouwstenen voor het Extra Contactmoment Adolescenten. Groningen: UMCG, Rijksuniversiteit Groningen. 2014
[127] Van IJzendoorn MH, Kroonenberg PM. Cross-cultural patterns of attachment: A meta-analysis of the strange situation. Child Development 1988;59(1):147
[130] Asscher JJ, Paulussen-Hoogeboom MC. De invloed van protectieve en risicofactoren op de ontwikkeling en opvoeding van jonge kinderen Kind en adolescent 2005;26(1):16
[131] Baker CE, Rimm‐Kaufman SE. How homes influence schools: Early parenting predicts African American children's classroom social–emotional functioning. Psychology in the Schools 2014;51(7):722
[132] Beer R., Verlinden E., Lindauer R.. Protocol Classificatie, screening en diagnostiek van kinderen en adolescenten met traumagerelateerde problematiek. Amsterdam: de Bascule. 2013
[133] Coren E, Thomae M, Hutchfield J. Parenting Training for Intellectually Disabled Parents: A Cochrane Systematic Review Research on Social Work Practice 2011/07/01;21():432
[135] Folger S.F., Wright M. Altering risk following child maltreatment: Family and friend support as promotive factors. Journal of Family Violence, 28 (4), 325-337. 2013
[136] Garcia-Reid P, Peterson C, Reid R, Peterson N.. The Protective Effects of Sense of Community, Multigroup Ethnic Identity, and Self-Esteem Against Internalizing Problems Among Dominican Youth: Implications for Social Workers Social Work in Mental Health 2013/05/01;11():199
[137] Gelauff-Hanzon C.. Nieuwkomers van 12-18 jaar. Schets van een situatie. Leiden: PEWA. 1994
[138] Goossens F., Van der Zanden R.. Factsheet KOPP/KVO Utrecht: Trimbos-Instituut.Groh AM, Roisman GI, IJzendoorn van MH, Bakermans-Kranenburg MJ. Fearon RP. The Significance of Insecure and Disorganized Attachment for Children’s Internalizing Symptoms: A Meta-Analytic Study. Child Development 2012
[139] van Heerwaarden Y., Pijpers F.. De kracht van zelfregie: Samen komen tot passende hulp en ondersteuning. Nederlands Centrum Jeugdgezondheid (NCJ) , Utrecht. 2015
[140] de Jong A., Stremmelaar B., Looij J.. Goed genoeg opvoederschap: Handreiking voor ondersteuning van ouders met een verstandelijke beperking. De Amerpoort. 2014
[143] Rexwinkel M., Schmeets M., Pannevis C., Derkx B.. Handboek Infant Mental Health. Inleiding in de ouder-kindbehandeling. Assen: Koninklijke van Gorcum. 2011
[144] Romijn G., Graaf I.M., de Jonge M.. Kwetsbare kinderen: literatuurstudie over verhoogde risicogroepen onder kinderen van ouders met psychische of verslavingsproblemen. Trimbos-Instituut. 2010
[145] Whittaker JEV, Harden BJ, See HM, Meisch AD, Westbrook TR. Family risks and protective factors: Pathways to Early Head Start toddlers’ social–emotional functioning Early Childhood Research Quarterly 2011;26(1):74
[146] Zoon M., Foolen N.. Wat werkt bij Wat werkt bij licht verstandelijk beperkte ouders? Utrecht: Nederlands Jeugdinstituut 2014
[147] Achenbach T.M., Rescorla L.. Manual for the ASEBA School-age Forms & Profiles: An Integrated System of Multi-informant Assessment null: (null) 2001
[148] Handleiding voor het gebruik van de SDQ binnen de Jeugdgezondheidszorg. Vragenlijst voor het signaleren van psychosociale problemen bij kinderen van 7-12 jaar. 2006
[149] Hermanns JO, Ory F, Schrijvers G., Junger M., Blom M.. Helpen bij opgroeien en opvoeden: Eerder, sneller en beter. een advies over vroegtijdige signalering en interventies bij opvoed- en opgroeiproblemen Applied Psychological Measurement - APPL PSYCHOL MEAS 2005
[150] Hielkema M.. The value of a family-centered approach in Preventive Child Healthcare Monitoring the social-emotional development of infants. Proefschrift. Groningen: UMCG, Rijksuniversiteit Groningen. 2015
[151] Klein Velderman M., Hosman C.M.H., Paulussen T.G.W.M.. Onderzoeksprogrammering Opvoed- en opgroeiondersteuning. Leiden: TNO Kwaliteit van Leven 2007
[152] Kruizinga I. Early Detection of Emotional and Behavioural Problems in Preschool Children: 2015
[155] Verantwoord gebruik van vragenlijsten in de jeugdgezondheidszorg. NCJ-Nederlands Centrum Jeugdgezondheid. Utrecht; 2013. 2013
[156] Stone L.L.. Measuring up: perspectives on psychometrics and contextual factors of early childhood problems. Nijmegen: Radboud Universiteit Nijmegen. 2014
[157] Theunissen M.H.C., de Wolff M., van Grieken A., Mieloo C.. Handleiding voor het gebruik van de SDQ binnen de Jeugdgezondheidszorg. Vragenlijst voor het signalering van psychosociale problemen bij 3-17 jarigen. TNO, Leiden. 2016
[158] Theunissen M.H.C.. The early detection of psychosocial problems in children aged 0 to 6 years by Dutch preventive child healthcare: professionals and their tools. Proefschrift. Leiden: TNO. 2013
[159] Theunissen MH, de Lijster GP, de Wilde JA, Kocken PL. Signaleren in de JGZ: Ontwikkeling en bruikbaarheid van een standaard vragenlijst ten behoeve van het preventief gezondheidsonderzoek 5-6 en 10-11 jarigen Tijdschrift voor gezondheidswetenschappen 2013;91(7):415
[160] Theunissen M.H.C., de Wolff M.S., Vogels A.G.C., Reijneveld S.A.. Het opsporen van psychosociale problemen bij kinderen in de leeftijd van nul tot en met zes jaar door de jeugdgezondheidszorg JGZ Tijdschrift voor jeugdgezondheidszorg 2014;46(3):46
[161] Vink R.M., Rijnders M.E.B., van Dommelen P., Broerse A.. Vroeg signaleren van ongunstige opgroeiomstandigheden door verloskundigen in Zaanstad en Amsterdam-Noord. Leiden: TNO Kwaliteit van Leven 2009
[162] Vink R., Rijnders M., Buitendijk S., Broerse A., Korfker A., Öry F.. Vroeg erbij. Vroegsignalering met de ALPHA-NL. Tijdschrift voor verloskundigen. KNOV. April 2010. 2010
[163] Vogels A.G.C.. The Identification by Dutch Preventive Child Health Care of Children with Psychosocial Problems: Do Short Questionnaires Help? Proefschrift. Leiden: TNO. 2008
[164] Vogels A.G.C., Hilgersom M.J.C., Theunissen M.H.C., de Wolff M.S., Reijneveld S.A.. Pilot implementatie en validatie van de PSYCAT in de Jeugdgezondheidszorg. Leiden: TNO Kwaliteit van leven; 2010. 2010
[165] Vogels A.G.C., Siebelink B.M., Theunissen M.H.C., de Wolff M.S., Reijneveld S.A.. Vergelijking van de KIVPA en de SDQ als signaleringsinstrument voor problemen bij adolescenten in de Jeugdgezondheidszorg. Leiden: TNO. 2011
[166] Wagenaar-Fischer MM, Heerdink-Obenhuijsen N, Kamphuis M, de Wilde J. JGZ-richtlijn Secundaire preventie kindermishandeling 2011
[168] Barrett PM, Turner CM. Prevention of childhood anxiety and depression. Handbook of interventions that work with children and adolescents: Prevention and treatment., null, John Wiley & Sons Ltd 2004
[175] Foolen N., Ince D., de Baat M., Daamen W.. Wat werkt bij gedragsproblemen en gedragsstoornissen? Utrecht: Nederlands Jeugdinstituut (NJi). 2013
[176] Foolen N., van der Steege M.. Van dwars gedrag tot gedragsstoornis. Blauwdruk voor een preventie- en zorgarrangement. Utrecht: Nederlands Jeugdinstituut (NJi). 2013
[177] Gemmeke M.. De rol van de Centra voor Jeugd en Gezin bij versterking van de pedagogische civil society. Utrecht: Nederlands Jeugdinstituut (NJi). 2011
[178] Ginsburg GS. Anxiety Prevention Programs for Youth: Practical and Theoretical Considerations Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice 2004;11(4):430
[179] Ince D.. Wat werkt in opvoedingsondersteuning? Utrecht: Nederlands Jeugdinstituut (NJi). 2013
[180] Ince D., van Yperen T., Valkestijn M.. Top tien positieve ontwikkeling jeugd. Beschermende factoren in opvoeden en opgroeien. Utrecht: Nederlands Jeugdinstituut (NJi). 2013
[183] Moran P, Ghate D, van der Merwe A. What Works in Parenting Support? A Review of the International Evidence. London: Department for Education and Skills. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 2004
[184] Mychailyszyn MP, Brodman DM, Read KL, Kendall PC. Cognitive‐behavioral school‐based interventions for anxious and depressed youth: A meta‐analysis of outcomes. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice 2012;19(2):129
[185] Laagdrempelig, vertrouwd en dichtbij. De JGZ in het nieuwe jeugdstelsel. Utrecht: Actiz. 2012
[186] ten Berge I., Addink A., de Baat M., Bartelink C., van Rossum J., Vinke A.. Stoppen en helpen: Een adequaat antwoord op kindermishandeling. Utrecht: SWP. 2012
[188] Inspectie voor de Gezonsheidszorg (2014). De jeugdgezondheidszorg beter in positie. Ministerie van Volksgezondheid, Welzijn en Sport. Utrecht. 2014
[189] Klein Ikkink A.J., Boere-Boonekamp M.M., Bont M.D., Boer A.D., Duys H., Haasnoot R., Westerveld M.C.. Landelijke Eerstelijns Samenwerkings Afspraak Kindermishandeling (LESA). Huisarts en Wetenschap 2010
[194] Oudhof M, de Wolff M, de Ruiter M, Kamphuis M, L’Hoir M, Prinsen B. JGZ richtlijn opvoedingsondersteuning Tijdschrift voor gezondheidswetenschappen 2013;91(7):429
[195] Rutte F., Pijpers F., Timmermans M.. Samenwerken aan het gezond en veilig laten opgroeien van kinderen. Een literatuurstudie. Utrecht: Nederlands Centrum Jeugdgezondheid (NCJ). 2013
[196] Timmermans M., van Heerwaarden Y., Pijpers F.. Samen = Beter. Inspiratie document om samen te werken in de zorg voor jeugd. Utrecht: Nederlands Centrum Jeugdgezondheid (NCJ). 2014
[197] Vink R., de Wolff M., Broerse A., Heerdink N., van Sleuwen B., Kamphuis M.. JGZ Richtlijn kindermishandeling. Leiden/ Utrecht: TNO & NCJ. 2016
[198] Pargas RCM, Brennan PA, Hammen C, Le Brocque R. Resilience to maternal depression in young adulthood. Developmental psychology 2010;46(4):805-814